nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence

the case of nouns serving as the direct object of a verb

the category of nouns serving as the indirect object of a verb

the case expressing ownership

the case (in some inflected languages) used when the referent of the noun is being addressed

the case indicating the agent in passive sentences or the instrument or manner or place of the action described by the verb